INCOME => WAGE - PAY - SALARY - EARNINGS

WAGE - PAY - SALARY - EARNINGS - INCOME???

Todas estas palavras são usadas para se referir ao recebimento de pagamentos por serviços prestados, porém elas geram muitas dúvidas quanto ao seu uso.

Wage e Salary significam a mesma coisa?

Se considerarmos somente o fator "tradução" diríamos que sim. No entanto, como eu já disse várias vezes aqui, a simples tradução de uma palavra ou expressão, sem entender sua aplicação cultural e a ideia que a mesma transmite, sempre leva a traduções pobres ou equivocadas.

Então vamos aos fatos:

INCOME => É a soma de tudo que a pessoa recebe ao longo de um certo período, que pode ser decorrente de salário, aplicações, negócios, etc.

Um uso muito comum de INCOME e que ajuda a entender muito bem seu significado é a expressão:

INCOME TAX = Imposto de renda

WAGE => É o dinheiro que uma pessoa recebe por fazer seu trabalho (salário), geralmente pago toda semana.


a weekly wage of $200 = um trabalho semanal com salário de 200 dólares por semana.

SALARY => É o dinheiro que uma pessoa recebe por fazer seu trabalho (salário), geralmente pago todo mês.

He has a 200-dollar salary. = Ele tem um salário mensal de 200 dólares.

EARNINGS => É o recebimento no sentido geral da palavra.

His earnings are not so good. => Os rendimentos dele não são muito bons.

EARNINGS e INCOME  são sinônimos.

PAY => É o dinheiro que um empregado recebe por fazer seu trabalho.

The job offers good pay = O trabalho oferece bom pagamento.

WAGE, PAY or SALARY?

PAY é o sentido mais geral de todas as três. Empregados que trabalham em fábricas, etc recebem WAGES a cada semana. Pessoas que trabalham em escritórios ou profissionais em geral, como médicos, professores, etc recebem SALARY que é pago mensalmente - que é geralmente expresso em números anuais, por exemplo: um professor recebe um salário anual de US$ 50,000.00).


Espero ter ajudado a esclarecer o sentido de cada uma destas palavras. Caso alguém precise de mais esclarecimentos ou queira deixar expresso seu conhecimento ou entendimento, deixe seu comentário.

ELDER X OLDER

As dúvidas de alunos em sala de aula sempre me fazem refletir sobre o porquê deles e de onde pode ter partido tal questionamento.  Muitas vezes preciso buscar explicação na literatura para poder estabelecer um elo entre o que gerou a dúvida e o que posso fazer para saná-la.

Outro dia a dúvida era a seguinte:  Qual a diferença entre ELDER e OLDER?

Primeiramente vale ressaltar que existe um fenômeno linguístico denominado “umlaut” (do alemão “um”= por volta de/de outro jeito e “Laut” = som) que de acordo com a linguística explica a mutação do “o” de “older” para o “e” de “Elder”, mas esse é um tópico extenso que numa situação específica tratarei com mais ênfase.

Na verdade as palavras OLDER e ELDER vem da mesma raiz.

=>     “ELDER” só é usado para pessoas, enquanto “OLDER” pode ser usado para qualquer coisa (pessoas, animais, coisas);

"elder/eldest" são usados para enfatizar um nível de superioridade . Daí serem muito utilizados para se referir a membros da mesma família, grupo ou comunidade:

- She is the eldest person in this family.

- Mike is the eldest of the four siblings.
- My elder sister lives in Japan.

- He is the eldest man here so he is our pastor in the church.

- My eldest daughter is a doctor.

- The eldest of my three uncles.

 "older/oldest" são usados num sentido mais geral, como  por exemplo:

-  He is the oldest man alive.

Então se você quiser falar sobre idade, você poderia tanto usar “ELDER” quanto usar “OLDER” porém  a melhor opção é usar “OLDER” porque “ELDER” sugere um certo grau de superioridade. Se tudo que você quer dizer é simplesmente falar de idade, use “OLDER”.

Na verdade   "older/oldest"  é uma forma mais moderna de "elder/eldest". Quando em uma língua existem duas formas de se dizer algo uma delas geralmente tende a ser usada em situações específicas enquanto a outra tem o uso mais comum.

Resumindo então:

“Older” é mais comumente usado para descrever ou comparar a idade de pessoas, animais e coisas enquanto “elder”  é usado para descrever ou comparar somente pessoas, especialmente se elas forem da mesma família. È também usado como adjetivo para enfatizar o grau de uma pessoa influente numa família ou organização (tribo, igreja ou comunidade). Por exemplo: an elder woman in the church, an elder state man, etc.

Você não deve usar “ELDER Than”:

My brother is older than my sister. Never say My brother is elder than my sister!!!

LAW AND CRIME – Part I ( VOCABULARY (Vocabulário – Lei e crimes)

LAW AND CRIME

Armed robery	Assalto a mão armada	VERBS / EXPRESSIONS
Attempted murder	Tentativa de assassinato	Arrest	Prender
Attorney	Procurador	Burgle	Assaltar
bail	Fiança	Kill	Matar
Bar	Tribunal	Hang	Enforcar
Blackmail	Chantagem	Murder	Assassinar
Burglar	Assaltante	Prosecute	Processar
Case	Caso judicial	Rescue	Resgatar
Cell	Cela	Rob	Assaltar
Clues	Indícios	Seize	Confiscar
Convict	Condenar	Set fire to	Atear fogo
Court	Tribunal	Shoplift	Roubo em loja, shopping
Death penalty	Pena de morte	Shoot	Atirar
Defendant	Réu, acusado	Steal	roubar
Dock	Banco dos réus	Urdergo	Submeter-se
Drug trafficking	Tráfico de drogas	At law / at the bar	No tribunal
Evidence	Prova	Against the law	Contra a lei
Gown or robe	Toga	Blue laws	Leis puritanas
Fingerprints	Impressões digitais	Civil law	Direito civil
Fine	Multa	In the act	Em flagrante

Some common Verbal Collocations

Here you find a short list of some verbal collocations to help you keep them in mind.

HAVE

have a bath
have a drink
have a good time
have a haircut
have a holiday
have a problem
have a relationship
have a rest
have lunch
have sympathy

DO

do business
do nothing
do someone a favour
do the cooking
do the housework
do the shopping
do the washing up
do your best
do your hair
do your homework

MAKE

make a difference
make a mess
make a mistake
make a noise
make an effort
make furniture
make money
make progress
make room
make trouble

TAKE

take a break
take a chance
take a look
take a rest
take a seat
take a taxi
take an exam
take notes
take someone's place
take someone's temperature

BREAK

break a habit
break a leg
break a promise
break a record
break a window
break someone's heart
break the ice
break the law
break the news to someone
break the rulescatch a ball
 

CATCH

catch a bus
catch a chill
catch a cold
catch a thief
catch fire
catch sight of
catch someone's attention
catch someone's eye
catch the flupaysavekeeppay a fine
 

PAY

pay attention
pay by credit card
pay cash
pay interest
pay someone a compliment
pay someone a visit
pay the bill
pay the price
pay your respectssave electricity
 

SAVE

save energy
save money
save one's strength
save someone a seat
save someone's life
save something to a disk
save space
save time
save yourself the trouble

KEEP

keep a diary
keep a promise
keep a secret
keep an appointment
keep calm
keep control
keep in touch
keep quiet
keep someone's place
keep the changecomegogetcome close
 

COME

come complete with
come direct
come early
come first
come into view
come last
come late
come on time
come prepared
come right back
come second
come to a compromise
come to a decision
come to an agreement
come to an end
come to a standstill
come to terms with
come to a total of
come under attackgo abroad
 

GO

go astray
go bad
go bald
go bankrupt
go blind
go crazy
go dark
go deaf
go fishing
go mad
go missing
go on foot
go online
go out of business
go overseas
go quiet
go sailing
go to war
go yellowget a job
 

GET

get a shock
get angry
get divorced
get drunk
get frightened
get home
get lost
get married
get nowhere
get permission
get pregnant
get ready
get started
get the impression
get the message
get the sack
get upset
get wet
get worried

Phrasal Verb List - Letter "T" "W" and "Z"

take after (inseparable): resemble; favor (in appearance).
Note: used for people.
"Both my sister and I take after our father."

take / bring back (separable): return.
"This book is due tomorrow. I guess I should take it back to the library."
"Yes, you can borrow my pen, but don't forget to bring it back to me when you're finished."

take care of (1. inseparable): provide care for; watch one's health.
"Lois has been taking care of her father since he returned home from the hospital."
"You've been working too hard lately. You'd better take care of yourself!"

take care of (2. ineparable): make arrangements (for something to happen); take responsibility for.
"Will you take care of making reservations for our flight to Boston?"

take off (1. separable): remove (something you're wearing).
"Please take your hat off when you go inside a building."

take off (2. no object): leave; depart (often suddenly or quickly).
"Was something wrong with Jill? She took off without saying goodbye."
"When does your plane take off?"

take off (3. separable): make arrangements to be absent from work.
"Susan isn't here today. She's taking today and tomorrow off."

take up (separable): begin (a hobby or leisure-time activity).
A: "Do you like to ski?"
B: "I've never been skiing, but I think I'd like to take it up."

tell (someone) off (separable): speak to someone bluntly and negatively, saying exactly what she/he did wrong.
"Julie was really angry at Bob; she told him off in front of all of us."

tick off (1. separable): irritate someone; make someone upset or angry.
"It really ticks her off when someone is late for an appointment."

tick off (2. separable): show that something has been completed by putting a tick (check) beside it.
"Here are the things you need to do. Tick each one off when you finish it."

throw away (separable): discard; put in the garbage.
"You shouldn't throw those newspapers away; they're recyclable."

throw out (1. separable): discard; put in the garbage.
"This food smells bad. You'd better throw it out."

throw out (2. separable): forcibly make someone leave (usually because of bad behavior).
"Those people are drunk and making everyone uncomfortable. The manager should throw them out."

throw up (usually no object; with an object, separable): vomit.
"Paul was so nervous about his job interview that he threw up just before he left for it."

try on (separable): wear something briefly to check its fit, how it looks, etc.
"I'm not sure that jacket is large enough. May I try it on?"

try out (separable): use a machine briefly to determine how well it works.
"I really like the way this car looks. May I try it out?"

try out (for) (inseparable): try to win a place on a team or other organization.
"I know you want to be on the football team. Are you going to try out?"
"If you like to sing, you should try out for the choir.

turn around (1. usually no object): move so that you are facing the opposite direction.
"Everyone turned around and stared when I entered the meeting late."

turn around (2. separable): move so that someone / something is facing the opposite direction.
"I don't want this chair facing the window. Will you help me turn it around?"

turn around (3. separable): make changes so that something that was unprofitable is profitable.
"The company was doing poorly until it hired a new president. He turned it around in about six months and now it's doing quite well."

turn down (1. separable): decrease the volume.
"Your music is giving me a headache! Please turn it down or use your headphones!"

turn down (2. separable): refuse.
"I thought I could borrow some money from Joe, but when I asked, he turned me down."

turn in (1. separable): give / deliver / submit to someone.
"I've written my report, but I haven't turned it in."

turn in (2. no object): go to bed.
"I'm pretty tired. I guess I'll turn in."

turn in (3. separable): report or deliver wrongdoers to the authorities.
"Two days after the robbery, the thieves turned themselves in."

turn off (1. separable): stop by turning a handle or switch.
"I'm cold. Do you mind if I turn the air conditioner off?"

turn off (2. separable): bore; repel (very informal).
"That music turns me off. Please play something else!"

turn on (1. separable): start by turning a handle or switch.
"It's cold in here. I'm going to turn the heater on"

turn on (2. separable): interest very much; excite (very informal).
"What kind of music turns you on?"

turn up (1. separable): increase the volume.
"I can barely hear the TV. Can you turn it up a little?"

turn up (2. no object): appear unexpectedly.
"We were all surprised when Pam turned up at the party. We didn't even know she was in town."

wait on (1. inseparable): serve (usually customers in a restaurant, shop, etc.)
"I want to make a complaint. The person who just waited on me was very impolite."

wait for (inseparable): wait until someone / something arrives or is finished with something else.
"When will Kenny be finished with work? I've been waiting for him for almost an hour!"
"I'm tired of waiting for the bus. I guess I'll take a taxi instead."

wake up (1. no object): stop sleeping.
"I usually wake up around 5:00 AM each day."

wake up (2. separable): rouse someone; cause someone to stop sleeping.
"I have an important meeting tomorrow and I'm afraid I won't hear my alarm. Will you wake me up at 6:00 AM?"

watch out for (inseparable): be careful of; beware of.
"There's a school at the end of this block. Watch out for children crossing the street."
"If you take that road, watch out for ice during the winter."

wear out (1. separable): wear something / use something until it can no longer be worn / be used.
"I need a new pencil sharpener. I wore this one out."
"I suppose I should get some new shoes. I've almost worn this pair out."

wear out (2. separable): cause to become exhausted; cause to become very tired.
"I had four different meetings today. They wore me out."
"I suppose I should get some new shoes. I've almost worn this pair out."

work out (1. no object): exercise (usually in a gym, etc.) to build muscles, body tone, etc.
"Instead of eating lunch on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, Sheila goes to the recreation center to work out."

work out (2. separable): solve a problem / resolve a difficult situation (usually by working together).
"I know we disagree on many points, but I believe we can work things out."

wrap up (1. no object): wear enough clothes to keep warm.
"It's really cold today. Be sure you wrap up when you leave the house."

wrap up (2. separable): finish something; bring something to a conclusion.
"We've been talking about the problem for nearly three hours.
I hope we'll be able to wrap the discussion up soon."

write down (separable): record something in writing.
"Could you tell me your e-mail address again? I want to write it down."

write up (separable): record; report in writing.
"You'll need to make a report on your business meetings. Be sure you write them up as soon as possible after you return from your trip."

zonk out (no object): fall asleep quickly because of exhaustion.
"I intended to go shopping after work, but I was so tired that I zonked out as soon as I got home."

Phrasal Verb List - Letter "R" and "S"

rip off (separable): cheat; take advantage of; charge too much.
"Don't even think about buying a car there. They'll rip you off."

round off (separable): change from a fraction to the nearest whole number.
"Round all prices off to the closest whole-dollar amounts. For example, round $33.73 off to $34.00."

run into (inseparable): meet by chance.
"Yesterday at the supermarket, Jan ran into her former roommate. Before yesterday, they hadn't seen each other for nearly five years."

run out of (inseparable): use the last of.
"On the way home from work, Art ran out of gas."

set up (separable): make arrangements for something.
"You'll see Mr. Thomas tomorrow. I've set a meeting up for 9:30 AM."

set back (1. separable): cause a delay in scheduling.
"We've had some problems with the project that have set us back at least two days . We'll give you a progress report tomorrow."

set back (2. separable): cost.
"I wonder how much Bill's new car set him back?"

slip up (no object): make a mistake.
"You slipped up here. The amount should be $135.28, not $132.58."

stand out (no object): be noticeably better than other similar people or things.
"Good job, Ann! Your work really stands out!"

stand up (1. no object): rise to a standing position.
"When the Chairperson entered the room, everyone stood up."

stand up (2. separable): make a date but not keep it.
"Angela was supposed to go to the dance with Fred, but she stood him up and went with Chuck instead."

show up (1. no object): arrive; appear.
"The boss was very upset when you didn't show up for the meeting. What happened?"

show up (2. separable): do a noticeably better job (often unexpectedly) than someone else.
"Everyone thought Marsha would win, but Jean did. Actually, Jean really showed Marsha up."

stand for (1. no object): represent.
"These letters seem to be an abbreviation. Do you know what they stand for?"

stand for (2. inseparable): tolerate; permit (usually negative).
"I'm not surprised that Mrs. Johnson rejected your report. She won't stand for shoddy work."

Phrasal Verb List - Letter "N" and "P"

nod off (no object): fall sleep (usually unintentionally).
"The speech was so boring that several people in the audience nodded off before it was finished."

pan out (no object): succeed; happen as expected (for plans). (Note: almost always negative when in statements.)
"I'll be here next week after all. My trip to Chicago didn't pan out."

pass away (no object): die.
"I was very sorry to hear that your grandfather passed away."

pass out (1. no object): faint; lose consciousness.
"When Ella heard that she'd won a million dollars, she was so shocked that she passed out."

pass out (2. separable): distribute.
"Everyone in the room needs one of these information sheets. Who will help me pass them out?"

pick out (separable): choose; select.
"Billy's grandmother especially liked her birthday card because Billy had picked it out himself."

pick up (1. separable): lift; take up.
"Those books don't belong on the floor. Will you help me pick them up?"

pick up (2. separable): arrange to meet someone and give her/him a ride.
"Of course we can go there together. What time should I pick you up?"

pick up (3. separable): get; buy.
"The children just drank the last of the milk. Could you pick some more up on your way home this evening?"

pick up (4. separable): refresh; revitalize.
"He was feeling a little tired, so he drank a glass of orange juice. It picked him up enough to finish his work."

pick on (inseparable): bully; intentionally try to make someone upset.
"You should be ashamed of teasing your little brother, Bob! Pick on someone your own size!"

pitch in (no object): help; join together to accomplish something.
"We'll be finished soon if everyone pitches in."

pull over (no object): drive a vehicle to the side of the rode.
"When the policeman indicated that I should pull over, I knew he was going to give me a ticket."

put away (separable): return something to the proper place.
"I just took these clothes out of the dryer. Will you help me put them away?"

put off (1. separable): postpone; delay; avoid
"I can't put this work off any longer. If I don't do it soon, it'll be impossible to finish it in time."
"When will Mr. Smith agree to a meeting? I keep asking for an appointment, but he keeps putting me off."

put on (1. separable): begin to wear; don.
"It's a little bit chilly outside. You'd better put a sweater on."

put on (2. separable): try to make someone believe something that is ridiculous or untrue.
"Don't believe a word of what Jim was saying. He was just putting us on."

put (someone) out (separable): inconvenience someone.
"I hate to put you out, but I need a ride to the train station and hope you can take me."

put up (1. separable): return something to the proper place.
"Your toys are all over the floor, Timmy. Please put them up."

put up (2. separable): provide someone with a place to sleep.
"There's no need for you to check into a hotel. I'll be happy to put you up."

put up with (inseparable): tolerate.
"It's really important to come to work on time. The boss won't put up with tardiness."

put back (separable): return something to the proper place.
"I've finished with these books. Do you want me to put them back on the shelves?"