APOSTILA GRAMATICA BÁSICA - PARTE 3

7. The Adjective (adjetivos)

O adjetivo é toda palavra que qualifica um substantivo. São bastante simples as regras que orientam sua utilização:

1.    O adjetivo não varia em número. Mesmo que o substantivo apareça no plural, o adjetivo conserva a mesma forma:  big car        -        big cars

2.    O adjetivo não varia em gênero. O substantivo pode ser masculino ou feminino, mas o adjetivo conserva a mesma forma: strong man - strong woman

3.    adjetivo normalmente é usado antes do substantivo que ele qualifica:

Ex: I have big cars.

 He is a strong man.

Alguns adjetivos que você deve conhecer:

1. grande:      BIG                             pequeno:     SMALL, LITTLE

 2. velho:       OLD                           jovem:           YOUNG

 3. antigo:      OLD                           novo:              NEW

 4. alto:           TALL                         baixo:             SHORT

 5. longo:       LONG                        curto:              SHORT

 6. rico:           RICH                         pobre:            POOR

 7. quente:     HOT                          frio:                 COLD

 8. feliz:          HAPPY                     infeliz:                       UNHAPPY, SAD

 9. gordo:       FAT                            magro:           THIN

10.fácil:          EASY                        difícil:             DIFFICULTY, HARD

11.rápido:      FAST                         lento:              SLOW

12.bonito:      PRETTY                    feio:                UGLY

13.lindo:        BEALTIFUL             horrível:         AWFUL

14.bom:         GOOD                       mau:              BAD

15.doce:        SWEET                     amargo:         BITTER

16.forte:         STRONG                  fraco:              WEAK

17.caro:         EXPENSIVE                        barato:           CHEAP

18.sujo:         DIRTY                       limpo:             CLEAN

19.seco:         DRY                           molhado:       WET

20.oriental:    EASTERN                ocidental:      WESTERN

21.setentrional:NORTHERN        meridional:   SOUTHERN

22.adiantado:EARLY                     atrasado:       LATE

23.certo:        RIGHT                       errado:           WRONG

24.direito:      RIGHT                       esquerdo:      LEFT

8. TO HAVE (verbo ter)

Simple Present                  Simple Past  

   I          have                        I          had

   you     have                       you     had

   he       has                         he       had

   she     has                         she     had

   it         has                          it         had

   we       have                      we       had

   you     have                       you     had

   they    have                       they    had

Quando usado isoladamente, o verbo to have significa "ter", "possuir".

Quando integra expressões, pode adquirir outros sentidos.  

Exemplos:

to have coffe, beer, cigarretes:

     tomar café, cerveja / fumar cigarros

  to have breakfast: tomar café da manhã

  to have lunch: almoçar

  to have dinner: jantar

  to have a shower, a bath: tomar banho

  to have a party: dar uma festa

  to have a good time: divertir-se

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9. Interrogative Words (palavras interrogrativas)

What, which

            As palavras what e which referem-se à pessoas e coisas.

WHAT (o que, qual)

-          What is your name?

-          My name is Claudina.

-          What time is it?

-          It is four o’clock.

-          What size do you use?

-          Medium.

WHICH (qual) – refere-se a uma escolha.

-          Which is your name: Claudine or Claudina?

-          My name is Claudina.

-          Which game do you prefer?

-          Eu like chess best.

-          Which of these is your favourite actor?

-          Tom Hanks.

Who, whom, whose (Quem, Quem, De quem)

            As palavras who, whom, whose referem-se à pessoas.

            SUBJECT                           EXAMPLES

                        Who                            Who is investigating the murder?         

                                                          Sherlock Holmes is.                       

                                                                      

            OBJECT      

                        Who                                       Who / Whom did Mr. Doyle try to phone?

                         or                                           He tried to phone the police.

                        Whom

            POSSESSIVE                                

                 Whose                         Whose footprints are those?

                                                                  Those are the murderer's footprints.

Why, where, when, how (Por que, onde, quando, como)

                    

 1. Why?   (Por quê? Por que motivo?)

-          Why is she sad?

-          Because her dog died.

 2. Where?    (Onde?)

-          Where does he live?

-          He lives far from here.

 3. When?     (Quando)

-          When will you come?

-          We will come late.

 4. How?     (Como?)

-          How are you feeling today?

-          Not so well. I have a headache.

Women are always right!

When a guy does something wrong:

When a girl does something wrong:

International Women's Day (Dia Internacional da Mulher)

International Women's Day (8 March) is an occasion marked by women's groups around the world. This date is also commemorated at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday. When women on all continents, often divided by national boundaries and by ethnic, linguistic, cultural, economic and political differences, come together to celebrate their Day, they can look back to a tradition that represents at least nine decades of struggle for equality, justice, peace and development.

International Women's Day is the story of ordinary women as makers of history; it is rooted in the centuries-old struggle of women to participate in society on an equal footing with men. In ancient Greece, Lysistrata initiated a sexual strike against men in order to end war; during the French Revolution, Parisian women calling for "liberty, equality, fraternity" marched on Versailles to demand women's suffrage.

The idea of an International Women's Day first arose at the turn of the century, which in the industrialized world was a period of expansion and turbulence, booming population growth and radical ideologies. Following is a brief chronology of the most important events:

1909
In accordance with a declaration by the Socialist Party of America, the first National Woman's Day was observed across the United States on 28 February. Women continued to celebrate it on the last Sunday of that month through 1913.

1910
The Socialist International, meeting in Copenhagen, established a Women's Day, international in character, to honour the movement for women's rights and to assist in achieving universal suffrage for women. The proposal was greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women from 17 countries, which included the first three women elected to the Finnish parliament. No fixed date was selected for the observance.

1911
As a result of the decision taken at Copenhagen the previous year, International Women's Day was marked for the first time (19 March) in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, where more than one million women and men attended rallies. In addition to the right to vote and to hold public office, they demanded the right to work, to vocational training and to an end to discrimination on the job.

Less than a week later, on 25 March, the tragic Triangle Fire in New York City took the lives of more than 140 working girls, most of them Italian and Jewish immigrants. This event had a significant impact on labour legislation in the United States, and the working conditions leading up to the disaster were invoked during subsequent observances of International Women's Day.

1913-1914
As part of the peace movement brewing on the eve of World War I, Russian women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday in February 1913. Elsewhere in Europe, on or around 8 March of the following year, women held rallies either to protest the war or to express solidarity with their sisters.

1917
With 2 million Russian soldiers dead in the war, Russian women again chose the last Sunday in February to strike for "bread and peace". Political leaders opposed the timing of the strike, but the women went on anyway. The rest is history: Four days later the Czar was forced to abdicate and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote. That historic Sunday fell on 23 February on the Julian calendar then in use in Russia, but on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar in use elsewhere.

Since those early years, International Women's Day has assumed a new global dimension for women in developed and developing countries alike. The growing international women's movement, which has been strengthened by four global United Nations women's conferences, has helped make the commemoration a rallying point for coordinated efforts to demand women's rights and participation in the political and economic process. Increasingly, International Women's Day is a time to reflect on progress made, to call for change and to celebrate acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played an extraordinary role in the history of women's rights.

The Role of the United Nations

Few causes promoted by the United Nations have generated more intense and widespread support than the campaign to promote and protect the equal rights of women. The Charter of the United Nations, signed in San Francisco in 1945, was the first international agreement to proclaim gender equality as a fundamental human right. Since then, the Organization has helped create a historic legacy of internationally agreed strategies, standards, programmes and goals to advance the status of women worldwide.
Over the years, United Nations action for the advancement of women has taken four clear directions: promotion of legal measures; mobilization of public opinion and international action; training and research, including the compilation of gender desegregated statistics; and direct assistance to disadvantaged groups. Today a central organizing principle of the work of the United Nations is that no enduring solution to society's most threatening social, economic and political problems can be found without the full participation, and the full empowerment, of the world's women.

Published by the United Nations Department of Public Information--DPI/1878--January 1997

WHO/WHAT QUESTIONS - What to do when we have no Subject

In English we have to put in mind that there is an  order when we ask a question:

WH-QUESTION  + AUXILIARY  + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT
     (IF NECESSARY)               VERB                                                                          .                                                                                      

                                    DO                        YOU                WORK                HERE        ?

     WHAT                    DOES                   SALLY             DO                  AT    NIGHT  ?

Sometimes it is not possible to use this order because we do not have SUBJECT . So there is no way to use the auxliliary. The problem is more confused when we have to use  “do”, does” or “did”. Other structures like “verb to be” and “modal verbs” are not so confusing.


FIRST CASE:   Sally invited somebody to have dinner yesterday.

                          WHO   DID    SALLY   INVITE TO HAVE DINNER YESTERDAY?


SECOND CASE:     You don´t know who cooked the dinner yesterday. So you ask this 
                                  question:

                           WHO COOKED DINNER YESTERDAY?

Pay attention:   in this situation you don´t have the subject, so the structure: Wh + auxiliary + subject + verb + complement is not possible. So we have no option and the only solution is to ask the question is this way:

                           WHO COOKED DINNER YESTERDAY?

Here I have some exercises to help you:

I – Follow the examples:

1.    Someone called Jane yesterday night.               Who called Jane Yesterday night?
2.    Mary got a present to someone.                       Who did Mary get a present to yesterday?
3.    Someone will come to visit us.                           _________________________________
4.    Something is happening now.                             _________________________________
5.    Somebody prepares the dinner every night.        _________________________________
6.    Someone knows John.                                      _________________________________
7.    Sally is going to study with someone.                 __________________________________
8.    Somebody woke me up today.                          __________________________________
9.    Someone is getting a present to Sally.                __________________________________
10.    We saw someone in the dark last night.           __________________________________
11.    Sally wakes up somebody everyday.               __________________________________
12.    Someone will get my car tonight.                     ___________________________\-______
13.    Paul is calling someone.                                  __________________________________
14.    Paul said something.                                       __________________________________
15.    Somebody talks to Paul every afternoon.        __________________________________

II – Complete correctly:

1.    Who helps your mother at home?            My sister ____________________
2.    Who got the job?                                    These people _________________
3.    Who is going to travel with you?              My cousin and his girlfriend _____
4.    Who went to the party with Paul?            Sally _______________________
5.    Who is getting married?                           David and Kelly ______________
6.    Who is always on the phone?                  John ________________________
7.    Who teaches math here?                         Her cousin ___________________
8.    Who will come to have dinner with us?    Our grandmother ______________
9.    Who married to Suzan?                           Joseph ______________________
10.    Who usually prepares your breakfast?   I ___________________________
11.    Who wakes you up in the morning?       My mother __________________

III - Complete the following answers:

1.    "Who serves people in a restaurant"?                 "A waiter           does_____."
2.    "Who jumped into the pool?"                             "Christine _____________."
3.    "Who is going to help me with my homework?"  "I ________________."
4.    "Who will go shopping with Daisy?"                   "Ellen ____________."
5.    "Who always arrives late for class?"                   "Susan and her brother ___________."

IV - Complete with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use pronouns where necessary.

1.    "Who             called                   you Yesterday?"  "Mrs. Meyer did." (call)
2.    "Who ___________________ this present to?" "She is going to give it to Vince." (give)
3.    "Who ___________________ for the movie" "I invited Mary"  (invite)
4.    "Who ___________________  to? They're talking to Frank." (talk)
5.    "Who ___________________ French in your house?"  "My sister does." (speak)
6.    "Who ___________________ in Washington?"  "David and Mike do." (live)
7.    "Who ___________________ the cake?"  " Sally did" (eat)
8.    'Who ___________________ the car?"  "My father will" (repair)

V – Give a correct answer or the correct question:

Who likes chocolate?        _______________________________
__________________________________    Justin does.
Who won some money?        _______________________________
__________________________________    She won some money.
What did Paul say?        _______________________________
Who are you calling?        _______________________________

APOSTILA GRAMATICA BASICA - PARTE 2

4. NOUNS (substantivos)
Os substantivos - nouns, em inglês - dão nome aos objetos, pessoas, animais, etc.

Plural of Nouns (plural dos substantivos)

 De modo geral, acrescenta-se "s" ao singular.
                       Ex.: BOY - BOYS


 REGRAS ESPECIAIS:
1.    Se o substantivo terminar em s, sh, ch, x, z, ou em o precedido de consoante,        acrescenta-se es para formar o plural. 
    bus - buses; bush - bushes; coach - coaches;
    fox - foxes; watch - watches; hero - heroes

2.    Existem 13 substantivos terminados em f ou fe cujo plural é formado pela troca do f ou fe por ves: 
    life - lives; wife - wives; knife - knives; thief - thieves; elf - elves;
self - selves; loaf - loaves shelf - shelves; leaf - leaves; sheaf - sheaves; wolf - wolves; calf - calves; half – halves.

3.    Nos substantivos terminados em y precedido de consoante, troca-se o y por i e acrecenta-se es:          
    Ex: body – bodies

4.    Alguns substantivos são usados apenas no singular, com verbos também no singular:        
    Ex: news, advice, furniture, information, knowledge, progress

5.    Outros substantivos são usados apenas no plural, com verbos também no plural:
    Ex: pants, pajamas, trousers, clothes, glasses, scissors, goods, riches

6.    Os substantivos sheep e deer são invariáveis, isto é, têm a mesma forma para singular e plural. Assim também os substantivos pátrios terminados em ss e se (Swiss, Japanese)

7.    Substantivos que apresentam forma irregular no plural:
    child - children; die - dice; mouse – mice; woman - women; goose - geese; ox - oxen; man - men; tooth - teeth; foot - feet; louse - lice.


5. The Indefinite Article (artigos indefinidos)
O artigo indefinido tem duas formas em inglês: "a" e "an".
Ambas têm o mesmo significado - um, uma - e são usadas somente antes de  substantivos contáveis no singular.

 A forma "a"
 Usamos a antes de palavras iniciadas por letras com som de consoante:
                a past                  a hot summer

 O a é ainda usado antes de palavras começadas por vogais com som de yu ou w:
           som de yu: a university , a European country                                  
           som de w: a one-way street, a one-horse coach

A forma  "an"
   A forma an é usada antes de substantivos iniciados por letras com som de vogal:     
    Ex:  an army, an idea

   Também usamos an antes do h mudo:
    Ex: an hour, an honest governor



   ATTENTION!
                               an x-ray  photography                an L.A. gang
                                         
            (pronúncia /eks/)                                     (som de /el/)


6. The Definite Article (artigos definidos)
Em geral, o artigo definido the (o, a, os, as) é usado em inglês do mesmo modo que em português, isto é, para indicar algo que já conhecemos ou que é de conhecimento de todos.
Ex: The girl in red is my friend
      The Beatles were famous.
                

             Onde não usamos the?
1.    Antes de nomes próprios:         ..... John Lennon was born in .... England.
2.    Antes de possessivos:               ..... My favourite rock singer is Bono Vox.
3.    Antes de substantivos  empregados em sentido geral:
    ..... Love is a strange feeling. (sentido geral)

APOSTILA GRAMATICA BASICA - PARTE 1

1. Personal Pronouns (pronomes pessoais)

I           EU

YOU       VOCÊ

HE         ELE

SHE       ELA

IT         ELE/ELA(NEUTRO)

WE        NÓS

YOU       VOCÊ

THEY      ELES/ELAS

Como utilizar o pronome IT?

1.   Empregamos o pronome it quando nos referimosa um fenômeno, objeto, coisa, animal, etc.:

           Ex.: The dress is ugly. - It's ugly.

       

2.   Utiliza-se também o pronome it para sujeitooculto ou inexistente. 

Ex.: It is raining.

Outros usos do IT

1. O pronome ittambém é usado em frases como:

    It is hot today. (Está quente hoje.)

    Whattime is it? It is 6 o'clock. (Que horas são? São 6horas.)

    It is about 400 Km from São Paulo toRio.

    (São aproximadamente 400 Km de São Paulo ao Rio.)

 2. Também emprega-se o pronome it comosujeito de orações deste tipo:

    It is hard to believe. But it istrue!

    (É difícil acreditar. Masé verdade!)

 2. TO BE: Simple Present (ser/estar – presentesimples)

I       AM        (eusou/estou)

YOU   ARE       (vocêé/está)

HE     IS         (eleé/está)

SHE   IS         (ela é/está)

IT     IS         (ele/elaé/está)

WE     ARE       (nós somos/estamos)

YOU   ARE       (vocêssão/estão)

THEY  ARE       (elessão/estão)

 

3. TO BE: Simple Past (ser/estar – passado simples)

I       WAS          (euera/estava)

YOU   WERE         (você era/estava)

HE     WAS          (eleera/estava)

SHE   WAS          (ela era/estava)

IT     WAS          (ele/elaera/estava)

WE     WERE         (nóséramos/estávamos)

YOU   WERE         (vocês eram/estavam)

THEY  WERE         (eles eram/estavam)

INTERROGATIVA E NEGATIVA

 1. Paraformar a interrogativa, colocamos o verbo antes do sujeito:

                        

 He was American.   -      Was heAmerican?

Youwere happy.      -       Were you happy?

 2. Paraformar a negativa, usamos not depois do verbo.

Hewas strange.  - He was not strange.       (He wasn't)

Theywere pretty.- They were not pretty.    (They weren't)

TEXT COMPREHENSION EXERCISES - PART II

Food that makes you feel good

Food is life. It gives us the nourishment we need to stay alive and be healthy. Usually, we eat because we are hungry or need energy. Brian Wansink, a professor at the University of Illinois, says we also eat certain foods because they make us feel good, and remind us of happy memories. Wansink calls this kind of food comfort food. For some people, ice cream is a comfort food. For others, a bowl of noodle soup makes them feel good.

How does a food become comfort food? Professor Wansink believes that we connect food with important times, feelings, and people in our lives. "When I was a child, my mother made a delicious soup; I loved it. Now, I often eat this soup when I am tired or worried, and it helps me feel better," says one of Wansink's coworkers.

Do men and women choose different comfort foods? Wansink's research  at the University of Illinois says "yes." In his study, the favorite comfort food for both men and women was ice cream. After this, men usually preferred hot, savory foods like soup or noodles. Women liked sweet things such as chocolate and cookies. Men and women like to eat comfort food when they are happy, but women eat these foods more when they are sad or worried.
Not all comfort food is junk food. About 40 percent of the comfort foods in Wansink's study were healthy main dishes or soups and vegetables. It shows, says Wansink, that a comfort food can taste good and be good for you.

Vocabulary:
. nourishment:    alimento, nutrição
. bowl:    tigela
. noodle soup:    sopa de macarrão
. coworkers:    companheiro/a de trabalho
. junk food:    comida que não faz bem à saúde.

Questions:

1.    Concerning the text  why do we usually eat?
2.    According to Brian Wansink why do we also eat?
3.    According to Brain Wansink how does a food become comfort food?
4.    According to the professor, what kind of comfort food do men prefer? Why?
5.    And what about the women?
6.    According to the professor, are all comfort foods junk foods?
7.    Make a summary of this text.

TEXT COMPREHENSION EXERCISES - PART I

FOOD FACTS

Around the world, people have beliefs about certain food and drink. Some people think that chicken soup is good for a cold. Others believe that it is unhealthy not to eat meat. The question is, are any of these beliefs true?  Read this factsheet to find out.
Belief: Chicken soup helps to fight a cold.
Fact: For centuries, people have believed that chicken soup is a good cold remedy. Now, doctors say this belief may be true. Researchers think that chicken soup contains a special chemical that stops a cold from getting worse. Also, heat from the soup can make a person feel better.
Belief: A vegetarian diet is unhealthy.
Fact: Meat, especially red meat, contains protein that the body needs. A person who doesn't eat meat can get enough protein and be healthy by eating tofu, eggs, nuts, and certain vegetables.
Belief: Chocolate causes pimples.
Fact: This is a common belief that is not true. Many researchers say that eating chocolate does not cause pimples. More often, the cause is stress or not getting enough sleep.
Belief: Tea  is better than coffee.
Fact: A study in 2002  showed that black or green tea contains substances that can protect your heart, fight cancer, and lower fat in your body. Coffee does not do this.
Belief: Foods like bread and potatoes are fattening.
Fact: Bread and potatoes do  not contain much fat, or many calories. Eating too much and not exercising can cause us to gain weight. Also, adding fattening things like butter to bread and potatoes can raise the number of calories we eat.                                                       Vocabulary =>   tofu:     espécie de queijo japonês feito de leite de soja

Questons:

1.    Concerning a kind of belief what can be good for a cold?
2.    Concerning another kind of belief what can cause pimples?
3.    Concerning the text what kind of foods are fattening?
4.    Concerning the text, is coffee better than tea? Explain.
5.    Concerning the text what  kind of food can supply your body  with protein?
6.    According to the text are bread and potatoes fattening? Why?
7.    Make a summary of this text.

Whitney Houston - I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)

Video - Whitney Houston - " I Have Nothing" and "I Will Always Love You"

The greastest love of all - Whitney Houston - Legendado e traduzido

VIDEO - OPRAH WINFREY INTERVIEWS WHITNEY HOUSTON (Oprah Winfrey Entrevista Whitney Houston)

I think to most people of my generation, Whitney Houston brings lots of great memories. So I decided to post this interview to everybody who shares the same feeling.

(Eu penso que para muitas pessoas de minha geração, Whitney Houston traz grandes recordações. Então decidi postar esta entrevista para todos que tem a mesma opinião.)

Part 01

Part 02

Part 03

Part 04

Part 05