ANY / SOME / NO - Como usá-los? Onde usá-los?

O uso dos pronomes ANY, SOME e NO causam muita confusão entre os estudantes.
SOME e ANY siginificam algum, alguma, alguns algumas e NO siginifica nenhum, nenhuma

SOME é usado:

a)      Orações afirmativas:

There are some fruits on the table.

There is some milk on the fridge.

b)      Quando fazemos um oferecimento:

Do you want some money?

Does your sister want some water?

Do you want some oranges?

c)      Quando fazemos pedidos:

Can you give me some help?

Can you lend me some money?

Can you buy me some apples?

ANY é usado:

a)      Sentenças interrogativas (Questions):

Is there any milk here?

Are there any cups there?

Do you have any money?

b)      Sentenças negativas (Negative Sentences):

I don’t have any pencils.

Sally doesn’t play any sport.

We don’t study any lesson.

c)      Sentenças afirmativas (neste caso “ANY” se traduz como: Qualquer):

I drink any beer.

John likes any person.

They like to read any book.

NO é usado:

Em sentenças com o verbo na forma afirmativa, porém a idéia expressa é negativa:

            There is no milk in the refrigerator. (Não há leite na geladeira)

            I have no money.
  
            My dog has no food.



Uma coisa que eu não concordo é dizer que  ANY também siginifica "nenhum", pois isso complica um pouco a cabeça dos alunos e faz com qie o pronome NO, seja confundido, pois o pronome NO é que siginifica nenhum.

Não sei se estou sendo claro em minha explicação, por este motivo vou tentar explicar com exemplos:

Nós sabemos que na língua inglesa, gramaticalmente falando, não existe duas palavras negativas na mesma frase:

Em português nós falamos:  Não há  nenhum dinheiro aqui.
                                    
                Nesta frase temos duas palavras com ideia negativa: Não e Nenhum.

Isto, de acordo com a gramática da língua inglesa, não é permitido em inglês.

Em inglês teríamos duas formas para expressar:                 

                          There isn't any money here.

                          There is no money here.

Muitas pessoas traduziriam a frase "There isn't any money here" assim:          Não há nenhum dinheiro aqui.

Embora a tradução não esteja errada, isso gera confusão, uma vez que NO também siginifica nenhum (a).

ANY significa algum, alguma, alguns, algumas. Então a tradução seria a seguinte: Não há dinheiro algum aqui.

Essa tradução seria melhor, principalmente para alunos do nível básico. Isso ajudaria a entender um pouco mais toda essa confusão.

Ja a frase "There is no money here" seria traduzida Não há nenhum diheiro aqui.

Então, resumindo, teríamos o seguinte:

                                                                               ANY:

Questions:

Is there any milk here?

Are there any cups there?

Do you have any money?

Negative sentences:

I don't have any bathing suits.

You don't play any sports.

Affirmative sentences:

I drink any beer.

I play any sports.

SOME:

Affirmative sentences:

I have some roses for you.

There are some flowers in the garden.

Requests and Offers:

Do you want some  beer?

Can you give me some help?

NO:

Mary has no time.

You play no sports.

Exercises:

Use SOME ou ANY:

1. Do you have _____________ cigarette to give me?
2. Can you give _____________ water?
3. I have _____________ books in my room.
4. Do you want _____________ tea?
5. I don’t have _____________ homework today.
6. I sometimes write _____________ letters.
7. I don’t have _____________ money.
8. Does your mother want _____________ coke?
9. Mary doesn’t like _____________  type of cake.
10. Do you want _____________  help?

Common Phrases and Collocations 2

"Have"  and "Make" are rich verbs in English and there are a lof of colocations with them. See some common ones:

Have a look
Have a good time
Have a go
Have a try
Have an argument (with someone over/about something)
Have a word with someone
Have something to do

Make an appearance
Make an apology
Make a mess of something
Make an appointment
Make an assumption
Make a choice
Make a decision
Make a difference
Make a date
Make a discovery
Make a mistake
Make a profit
Make a start
Make a fool of someone/oneself
Make the most of something
Make a promise
Make sense of
Make sure of something
Make do with

Common Phrases and Collocations 1

 
As I said before collocations help you improve your English and make it sounds much better. Here there is a list of some common ones:


Break a promise
Break the ice

Change your mind

Draw a conclusion

Do someone good
Do someone a favor
Do yourself justice
Do something for a living

Find it difficult to do something
Find difficulty in doing something
Finf fault with

Get a move on
Get the impression

Give a description
Give birth to
Give a choice
Give an example
Give a hand
Give the impression
Give someone a call
Give someone the sack
Give your word

Some common Verbal Collocations

Here you find a short list of some verbal collocations to help you keep them in mind.

HAVE

have a bath
have a drink
have a good time
have a haircut
have a holiday
have a problem
have a relationship
have a rest
have lunch
have sympathy

DO

do business
do nothing
do someone a favour
do the cooking
do the housework
do the shopping
do the washing up
do your best
do your hair
do your homework

MAKE

make a difference
make a mess
make a mistake
make a noise
make an effort
make furniture
make money
make progress
make room
make trouble

TAKE

take a break
take a chance
take a look
take a rest
take a seat
take a taxi
take an exam
take notes
take someone's place
take someone's temperature

BREAK

break a habit
break a leg
break a promise
break a record
break a window
break someone's heart
break the ice
break the law
break the news to someone
break the rulescatch a ball
 

CATCH

catch a bus
catch a chill
catch a cold
catch a thief
catch fire
catch sight of
catch someone's attention
catch someone's eye
catch the flupaysavekeeppay a fine
 

PAY

pay attention
pay by credit card
pay cash
pay interest
pay someone a compliment
pay someone a visit
pay the bill
pay the price
pay your respectssave electricity
 

SAVE

save energy
save money
save one's strength
save someone a seat
save someone's life
save something to a disk
save space
save time
save yourself the trouble

KEEP

keep a diary
keep a promise
keep a secret
keep an appointment
keep calm
keep control
keep in touch
keep quiet
keep someone's place
keep the changecomegogetcome close
 

COME

come complete with
come direct
come early
come first
come into view
come last
come late
come on time
come prepared
come right back
come second
come to a compromise
come to a decision
come to an agreement
come to an end
come to a standstill
come to terms with
come to a total of
come under attackgo abroad
 

GO

go astray
go bad
go bald
go bankrupt
go blind
go crazy
go dark
go deaf
go fishing
go mad
go missing
go on foot
go online
go out of business
go overseas
go quiet
go sailing
go to war
go yellowget a job
 

GET

get a shock
get angry
get divorced
get drunk
get frightened
get home
get lost
get married
get nowhere
get permission
get pregnant
get ready
get started
get the impression
get the message
get the sack
get upset
get wet
get worried

Collocations - o que são? Para que servem?

 

Collocations são palavras que sempre aparecem juntas e não há como explicar o porque desta junção - "do my bed" ou "make my bed"? O correto é "make my bed". Agora como explicar? Elas simplesmente precisam desta "combinação" e muitas vezes não é possível associar tal junção em outras formações. Quando você conhece a combinação correta seu inglês soa mais natural - se você usa a combinação errada, isso parece estranho para um nativo.

Estas combinações acontecem em qualquer língua. A língua portuguesa não é diferente e vamos encontrar vários exemplos:  

Esta cerveja esta estupidamente gelada.

A palara "estúpidamente" tem o significado de "muito" e para qualquer estrangeiro soaria estranho, mas para nós, nativos, ela combina perfeitamnete com a palavra "gelado(a)".

Agora, vamos pensar assim: se estupidamente, neste exmplo, siginifa "muito" então eu posso falar assim:

Este carro é estupidamente lindo.

Neste caso nós entenderíamos, mas seria estranho. Daí a importância de conhecermos a combinação correta.

O problema é que muitas vezes somos influenciados pela lingua materna e fazemos combinações baseados naquilo que já conhecemos e isso nos leva a deduções ou combinações estranhas ou até mesmo erradas .

Por exemplo:

Maria casou-se com João.

Quando passamos a frase para o inglês, geralmente aparece assim:

Mary got married with John.

Influenciados pelo português e desconhecendo a preposição que combina com o verbo "get married" muitas vezes cometemos este erro. 

Sabemos que o verbo "get married" combina com a preposição "to" e o correto seria:

Mary got married to John.

outro exemplo que induzem a erro:

amigo intimo = close friend

Então quando digo que alguém é apenas um conhecido eu digo "far friend"?

Infelizmente não. As vezes isso acontece porque deduzimos assim: "close" quer dizer "perto" e "far" quer dizer "longe". Então é só inverter, mas não é bem assim que a coisa funciona.  Para descrever um conhecido usamos "acquaintance". Precisamos entender que "collocations" simplesmente existem da forma que são e não há nenhuma explicação para essa junção e nunca podemos usá-las como referência pra outras. O que devemos fazer é observar em conversas e leituras como as palavras se juntam e passar  a usá-las da mesma forma.

idioms and expressions with the letter "J"

"J"
Jaywalk:
Crossing the street (from the middle) without using the crosswalk.

Joshing Me:
Tricking me.

idioms and expressions with the letter "I"

"I"

Icing On The Cake:
When you already have it good and get something on top of what you already have.

Idle Hands Are The Devil's Tools:
You are more likely to get in trouble if you have nothing to do.

If It's Not One Thing, It's Another:
When one thing goes wrong, then another, and another...

In Like Flynn:
To be easily successful, especially when sexual or romantic.

In The Bag:
To have something secured.

In The Buff:
Nude.

In The Heat Of The Moment:
Overwhelmed by what is happening in the moment.

In Your Face:
An aggressive and bold confrontation.

It Takes Two To Tango:
A two person conflict where both people are at fault.

It's A Small World:
You frequently see the same people in different places.

Its Anyone's Call:
A competition where the outcome is difficult to judge or predict.

Ivy League:
Since 1954 the Ivy League has been the following universities: Columbia, Brown, Cornell, Dartmouth, Yale, Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Harvard.

idioms and expressions with the letter "H"

"H"

Haste Makes Waste:
Quickly doing things results in a poor ending.

Hat Trick:
When one player scores three goals in the same hockey game. This idiom can also mean three scores in any other sport, such as 3 homeruns, 3 touchdowns, 3 soccer goals, etc.

Have an Axe to Grind:
To have a dispute with someone.

He Lost His Head:
Angry and overcome by emotions.

Head Over Heels:
Very excited and/or joyful, especially when in love.

Hell in a Handbasket:
Deteriorating and headed for complete disaster.

High Five:
Slapping palms above each others heads as celebration gesture.

High on the Hog:
Living in Luxury.

Hit The Books:
To study, especially for a test or exam.

Hit The Hay:
Go to bed or go to sleep.

Hit The Nail on the Head:
Do something exactly right or say something exactly right.

Hit The Sack:
Go to bed or go to sleep.

Hocus Pocus:
In general, a term used in magic or trickery.

Hold Your Horses:
Be patient.

idioms and expressions with the letter "G"

"G"

Get Down to Brass Tacks:
To become serious about something.

Get Over It:
To move beyond something that is bothering you.

Get Up On The Wrong Side Of The Bed:
Someone who is having a horrible day.

Get Your Walking Papers:
Get fired from a job.

Give Him The Slip:
To get away from. To escape.

Go Down Like A Lead Balloon:
To be received badly by an audience.

Go For Broke:
To gamble everything you have.

Go Out On A Limb:
Put yourself in a tough position in order to support someone/something.

Go The Extra Mile:
Going above and beyond whatever is required for the task at hand.

Good Samaritan:
Someone who helps others when they are in need, with no discussion for compensation, and no thought of a reward.

Graveyard Shift:
Working hours from about 12:00 am to 8:00 am. The time of the day when most other people are sleeping.

Great Minds Think Alike:
Intelligent people think like each other.

Green Room:
The waiting room, especially for those who are about to go on a tv or radio show.

Gut Feeling:
A personal intuition you get, especially when feel something may not be right.

idioms and expressions with the letter "E"

"E"

Eighty Six:
A certain item is no longer available. Or this idiom can also mean, to throw away.

Elvis has left the building:
The show has come to an end. It's all over.

Ethnic Cleansing:
Killing of a certain ethnic or religious group on a massive scale.

Every Cloud Has A Silver Lining:
Be optomistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.

Everything But The Kitchen Sink:
Almost everything and anything has been included.

Excuse my French:
Please forgive me for cussing.

Cock and Bull Story:
An unbelievable tale.

Cock and Bull Story:
An unbelievable tale.

idioms and expressions with the letter "F"

"F"

Feeding Frenzy:
An aggressive attack on someone by a group.

Field Day:
An enjoyable day or circumstance.

Finding Your Feet:
To become more comfortable in whatever you are doing.

Finger lickin' good:
A very tasty food or meal.

Fixed In Your Ways:
Not willing or wanting to change from your normal way of doing something.

Flash In The Pan:
Something that shows potential or looks promising in the beginning but fails to deliver anything in the end.

Flea Market:
A swap meet. A place where people gather to buy and sell inexpensive goods.

Flesh and Blood:
This idiom can mean living material of which people are made of, or it can refer to someone's family.

Flip The Bird:
To raise your middle finger at someone.

Foam at the Mouth:
To be enraged and show it.

Fools' Gold:
Iron pyrites, a worthless rock that resembles real gold.

French Kiss:
An open mouth kiss where tongues touch.

From Rags To Riches:
To go from being very poor to being very wealthy.

Fuddy-duddy:
An old-fashioned and foolish type of person.

Full Monty:
This idiom can mean either, "the whole thing" or "completely nude".

Funny Farm:
A mental institutional facility.